spend time + -ing would like + to

I am You are He/she/it is We are They are <--

We use this form to talk about an imaginary situation in the past: If + had done (past perfect) --> would have + past participle In this case, he didn't arrive late, so he caught the train.

Hardly = almost not, so 'hardly ever' = almost never Work hard = work a lot, work well 'Hard' and 'hardly' are both adverbs, but with very different meanings. Don't confuse them!

We use 'shall' for offers/suggestions when we ask a question

'Can' is used here because we are talking about a general possibility. The other three (could/may/might) are only used for specific possibilities, at one moment in time.

'I could have...' = there was a possibility, but in the end it didn't happen.

Adjectives of opinion (like 'beautiful') go before adjectives of fact (like 'long' and 'black'). If you have several adjectives, they need to go in a certain order. There is a rule (although it's too complicated to remember when you're speaking) - the best way is to use your instinct: if one way sounds better, then it probably is better.

I'd love... = now ...to have lived = before This is a perfective infinitive, which is used to add a past meaning to an infinitive.

'Get' in this sentence has the meaning of 'become' but native speakers never use 'become' in this way. There are many similar phrases with 'get': get broken, get married, get wet, etc.

It's my bag = It's mine You can't say 'It's mine bag'

I've called... = present perfect We use the present perfect to talk about unfinished time periods. So, we can't say 'I've called...yesterday' (because yesterday is finished) 'Today' is unfinished, so it's the only possible answer.

This is the passive voice, which is used to change the emphasis of a sentence. So here, we use the passive because we want to emphasise the film, not the director.

'I don't come' = regularly, many times, so it doesn't go here, because we're talking about one time (this Friday). We use 'can' + 'not' = 'can't' or 'cannot' ('can't' is more common in spoken English).

This situation is imaginary: I am imagining being in your position. To describe an imaginary situation, we use the past simple after 'if'. Also, in these sentences, we can use 'were' to replace 'was'. Most of the time, you can choose which to use: "If I was rich and famous..." "If I were rich and famous..." --> Both ok But, in this sentence 'If I were you...', we always use 'were'.

Shorter words add -er to make a comparative: big --> bigger tall --> taller Longer words use 'more': expensive --> more expensive beautiful --> more beautiful

We use the present continuous (be + -ing) to talk about something which is happening now

'Two times' is not wrong, but native speakers usually say 'twice'. We use 'a' in phrases like this: --> Once an hour --> Twice a day --> Three times a week etc.

1) 'The bag' because I think you know which bag I'm talking about 2) 'The table' for the same reason - probably there's only one table in the room where we are 3) 'An apple' because I want one apple, but I don't care which apple you give me. Probably, this means there are several apples which both people can see. 4) 'A bar of chocolate' is similar to (3)

As soon as = when (although 'as soon as' is stronger)

I live You live He/she/it lives <-- We live They live

You should have... = you made a mistake/you did something wrong

'In case' = you do something to be prepared, because you aren't sure what will happen. In this situation, you don't know if you will get hungry or not. But you take a sandwich anyway, just to be prepared.

Present simple questions are made with 'do' or 'does'. He/she/it doES, so we use 'does' in this question.

This is an indirect question, so after the 'Could you tell me...' we don't change the word order in the rest of the sentence.

'Exhausted' has a strong meaning, so we can only use certain adverbs. In the same way, you can't say 'I was completely tired', because 'completely' can only be used with adjectives which have a strong meaning.

We use the present perfect (have...) to show that something started in the past and continues until now. We use the continuous (...been + -ing) to show that the length of the action is important.

They can't be away = I'm sure they aren't away

We use the past perfect because we have two past actions. It was (1) the first time he had eaten (2) anything so spicy. The past perfect shows that (2) happened before (1).

Last year = past We use the past simple for completed actions in the past. Go --> past simple = 'went'

She might have... = It's possible that she...

We want to say how he drives --> we need to use adverbs Slow --> adverb = slowly Fast --> adverb = fast (it's irregular)

The sentence 'I like getting up early' is present simple. So, the negative is: I don't like...

We use this form to talk about a situation which is imaginary or unreal: If + past simple --> would + infinitive In this case, the situation is unreal because I don't have time, so I can't do more exercise.

The future perfect (will have done...) is used to show that something will be finished by a certain time in the future. It's often used together with 'by': 'By Friday, we'll have done everything.'

'Having spent...' = 'Because I spent...' Get used to + -ing = adapt to a new situation.

'Spain' is the country 'Spanish' is the adjective for the people or the language

Used to = something was true in the past, but it isn't true any more.

'Going to' and 'will' can both be used to make predictions, but in this sentence, 'it's' means we can't use 'will'. Otherwise, you could say 'Do you think it will rain tomorrow?' with no difference in meaning.

We use this form to talk about other people's behaviour which we find annoying or unpleasant: Wish + person + would + verb So in this case, he is often rude, and I find it annoying or unpleasant, so I want him to change.